Kidney pain, typically located in the back or side (flank) area, can be so severe that finding a comfortable position becomes nearly impossible. Understanding the nature of kidney pain, its causes, and its associated symptoms is crucial for timely diagnosis and treatment.

Recognising kidney pain

Kidney pain is often described as a sharp, stabbing sensation, or it can manifest as a dull ache. The pain typically occurs just below the ribs on either side of the spine.

Kidney pain can radiate to other parts of the body, including the lower abdomen, groyne, and even the thighs. Unlike muscular back pain, which may improve with movement and changes in position, kidney pain usually remains constant regardless of activity.

Symptoms accompanying kidney pain

In addition to the primary pain, several other symptoms may indicate an underlying kidney issue. These symptoms can include:

• Blood in the urine (Haematuria): This can range from a light pink tinge to a deep red colour, indicating bleeding within the urinary tract. It can occur due to various reasons such as infections, stones, or more serious conditions like tumours.
• Fever and chills: These are common signs of infection, suggesting that the kidneys or the surrounding tissues may be affected. A kidney infection can cause a systemic response leading to high fever and severe chills, making the patient feel extremely unwell.
• Nausea and vomiting: These gastrointestinal symptoms often accompany severe kidney pain, particularly when caused by infections or kidney stones. The body’s response to severe pain or infection can include nausea and vomiting, which may exacerbate the patient’s discomfort and lead to dehydration if not managed properly.
• Urinary changes: Increased frequency, urgency, pain during urination, or changes in urine colour and odour can all signal kidney problems. For example, cloudy or foul-smelling urine can indicate infection, while dark or reddish urine can suggest the presence of blood.

Common causes of kidney pain

1. Kidney Stones

One of the most common causes of kidney pain is kidney stones. These are hard deposits of minerals and salts that form within the kidneys.

Kidney stones can cause excruciating pain as they move through the urinary tract. Symptoms often include severe, sharp pain in the back and side, below the ribs, and pain that spreads to the lower abdomen and groyne. Other signs include blood in the urine, nausea, vomiting, and a persistent need to urinate.

Symptoms of Kidney Stones

• Severe pain: Often described as the worst pain ever experienced, this can come in waves as the stone moves through the urinary tract.
• Radiating pain: Pain can spread from the lower back to the lower abdomen and groyne, depending on the stone’s location.
• Hematuria: Blood in the urine is a common symptom, varying from microscopic amounts to visible blood clots.
• Nausea and vomiting: The intense pain can lead to these symptoms.
• Frequent urination: A persistent urge to urinate even when little urine is produced.

2. Kidney Infection (Pyelonephritis)

A kidney infection, or pyelonephritis, is typically caused by bacteria that have travelled from the urinary tract to the kidneys. This condition can cause significant discomfort and presents with symptoms such as fever, chills, back or side pain, and frequent, painful urination. Prompt medical treatment with antibiotics is essential to prevent the infection from causing permanent kidney damage.

Symptoms of Kidney Infection

• Fever and chills: High temperature and shivering indicate a systemic infection.
• Flank pain: Sharp or aching pain in the side, often on one side.
• Urinary symptoms: Dysuria (painful urination), frequent urination, and urgency.
• Nausea and vomiting: Common due to the infection and pain.
• Fatigue and malaise: General feeling of being unwell and tired.

3. Kidney Blockage (Obstruction)

Obstruction in the urinary tract can lead to kidney pain. This blockage can be due to various factors, including kidney stones, tumours, or anatomical abnormalities. The blockage prevents urine from flowing out of the kidneys, causing pressure and swelling, which can result in severe pain. Treatment depends on the cause of the obstruction and may involve medications, procedures to remove the blockage, or surgery.

Symptoms of Kidney Blockage

• Severe pain: Typically felt in the back or side.
• Swelling: The kidney may swell due to urine build-up.
• Decreased urine output: Reduced or absent urine flow.
• Nausea and vomiting: Due to pain and swelling.
• Urinary tract infections: Frequent infections due to stagnant urine.

4. Kidney Cancer and Tumours

While less common, kidney pain can also be a sign of kidney cancer or other tumours. These growths can cause discomfort as they expand and press against surrounding tissues and structures.

Symptoms of kidney cancer can include persistent pain in the side or back, unexplained weight loss, fatigue, and blood in the urine. Early detection and treatment are vital for the best possible outcome.

Symptoms of Kidney Cancer

• Persistent pain: Dull or sharp pain in the side or back that doesn’t go away.
• Hematuria: Visible blood in the urine.
• Unexplained weight loss: Losing weight without trying.
• Fatigue: Extreme tiredness and lack of energy.
• Anaemia: Low red blood cell count can occur due to bleeding or the cancer itself.

When to seek medical help

Given the critical role of the kidneys in filtering blood and removing waste through urine, any pain or discomfort should be promptly investigated. The kidneys help maintain a balance of electrolytes, regulate blood pressure, and remove toxins from the body. Ignoring kidney pain can lead to serious complications, including kidney damage or failure.

Diagnostic procedures

To determine the cause of kidney pain, healthcare providers may recommend several diagnostic tests, including:

• Urinalysis: This test examines the content of your urine for signs of infection, blood, or minerals that could indicate stones.
• Blood tests: These can assess kidney function and detect signs of infection or other underlying conditions.
• Imaging studies: Ultrasound, CT scans, and X-rays can help visualise the kidneys and urinary tract to identify stones, blockages, or tumours.
• Physical examination: A thorough physical examination can help identify the source of the pain and any related symptoms.

Treatment options

Treatment for kidney pain depends on the underlying cause. Common treatments include:

• Medications: Antibiotics for infections, pain relievers, and medications to help pass kidney stones or relieve other symptoms.
• Procedures: Lithotripsy (shock wave therapy) to break up stones, catheter placement to relieve blockages, or surgical intervention to remove obstructions or tumours.
• Lifestyle modifications: Increasing fluid intake, dietary changes, and managing underlying health conditions like high blood pressure or diabetes.

Preventive measures

Preventing kidney pain involves maintaining good overall kidney health. Some preventive measures include:

• Staying hydrated: Drinking plenty of water helps prevent kidney stones and infections.
• Healthy diet: Eating a balanced diet low in salt, protein, and oxalates can reduce the risk of kidney stones.
• Regular check-ups: Regular medical check-ups can help detect and manage conditions that might affect the kidneys, such as high blood pressure and diabetes.
• Avoiding harmful substances: Limiting the use of medications that can harm the kidneys and avoiding exposure to toxins can help maintain kidney health.

Experiencing kidney pain? It’s best to get checked

Kidney pain is a serious symptom that should never be ignored. Whether caused by kidney stones, infections, blockages, or tumours, prompt medical attention is crucial to prevent further complications and ensure effective treatment. Reach out to our urology clinic to book an appointment.