A kidney infection, or pyelonephritis, is a severe type of urinary tract infection (UTI) that typically begins in the lower urinary tract, including the urethra or bladder, and travels up to one or both kidneys. It is a serious condition that can cause significant discomfort and health complications if not treated promptly.
Kidney infections are more prevalent in women than men, largely due to anatomical differences. Early recognition and treatment are crucial to prevent potential long-term damage to the kidneys and other complications.
Common symptoms of a kidney infection
Symptoms of a kidney infection can range from mild to severe and may include:
- Pain and Discomfort: Often felt in the lower back, side (flank), or groyne. This pain is usually sharp and severe.
- High Fever and Chills: A sudden high fever (above 38.9°C or 102°F) is common, often accompanied by shaking chills.
- Urinary Symptoms: These include frequent urination, a persistent urge to urinate, and a burning sensation when urinating.
- Changes in Urine: The urine may appear cloudy, have a foul odour, or contain visible blood (hematuria).
- Gastrointestinal Symptoms: Nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain may also occur.
- General Malaise: Feeling unusually tired, weak, or unwell is common with kidney infections.
Severe symptoms or complications
If a kidney infection is not treated promptly, it can lead to serious complications, such as:
- Permanent Kidney Damage: Prolonged or severe infections can cause scarring, which may impair kidney function.
- Sepsis: This is a life-threatening response to infection that can lead to septic shock, organ failure, and death.
- Recurrent Infections: Persistent or untreated infections can lead to recurrent kidney infections, increasing the risk of chronic kidney disease.
- Hypertension: Recurrent kidney infections can contribute to high blood pressure, which further damages the kidneys over time.
What causes a kidney infection?
The primary cause of kidney infections is bacterial infection, typically from bacteria that live in the gut, such as Escherichia coli (E. coli).
These bacteria enter the urinary tract through the urethra and multiply in the bladder before travelling to the kidneys. Factors that can increase the risk of a kidney infection include:
- Urinary Tract Obstructions: Conditions like kidney stones, an enlarged prostate, or congenital urinary tract abnormalities can obstruct the flow of urine and create an environment where bacteria can thrive.
- Vesicoureteral Reflux: This condition involves the backward flow of urine from the bladder into the kidneys, which can carry bacteria.
- Weakened Immune System: Conditions such as diabetes, HIV, or treatments like chemotherapy can compromise the immune system, making infections more likely.
- Catheter Use: Indwelling catheters or other instruments introduced into the urinary tract can introduce bacteria.
- Female Anatomy: Women are at a higher risk due to a shorter urethra, which allows bacteria quicker access to the bladder and kidneys.
How are kidney infections diagnosed?
Diagnosis involves several steps to confirm the presence of infection and identify its cause:
Medical History and Physical Examination
A healthcare provider will review symptoms, medical history, and perform a physical examination, including palpation of the abdomen and back to assess pain and tenderness.
Urinalysis
A sample of urine is tested for signs of infection, such as the presence of white blood cells, red blood cells, or bacteria.
Urine Culture
This test identifies the specific type of bacteria causing the infection and helps determine the most effective antibiotics.
Blood Tests
These can check for elevated white blood cell counts or other markers of infection and assess kidney function.
Imaging Tests
Ultrasound, CT scans, or MRI may be used to detect any structural abnormalities or obstructions in the urinary tract that could contribute to the infection.
Treatments for kidney infections
Effective treatment is essential to manage symptoms, eliminate the infection, and prevent complications:
Antibiotics
Mild infections may be treated with oral antibiotics for 7 to 14 days, while severe infections often require intravenous antibiotics administered in a hospital.
Pain Management
Over-the-counter pain relievers like paracetamol or ibuprofen can help manage pain and reduce fever. In some cases, stronger prescription pain medications may be necessary.
Hydration
Drinking plenty of fluids helps flush out bacteria from the urinary tract.
Treatment of Underlying Conditions
Addressing any contributing factors, such as removing kidney stones or treating an enlarged prostate, is crucial to prevent recurrence.
Can you prevent kidney infections from occurring?
Preventive measures can significantly reduce the risk of future kidney infections:
- Hydration: Drink plenty of fluids, especially water, to help keep the urinary tract clean and bacteria-free.
- Regular Urination: Avoid holding in urine for long periods, and try to empty the bladder completely when urinating.
- Good Hygiene Practices: For women, wiping from front to back after using the toilet can prevent bacteria from the anal area from entering the urethra.
- Avoid Irritants: Avoid using feminine hygiene products like douches, deodorant sprays, or powders that irritate the urethra.
- Manage Health Conditions: Effectively manage chronic conditions such as diabetes and work with a healthcare provider to monitor and treat any urinary tract abnormalities or obstructions.
Frequently asked questions
Can kidney infections recur?
Yes, kidney infections can recur, particularly if underlying issues, such as urinary tract obstructions or vesicoureteral reflux, are not addressed. Patients who experience recurrent infections may require further medical evaluation and treatment to identify and resolve any predisposing factors.
Are kidney infections contagious?
No, kidney infections are not contagious. They are typically caused by bacteria that are normally present in the body, particularly in the intestines. However, good personal hygiene practices can help prevent the spread of bacteria that can cause urinary tract infections.
Can a kidney infection cause long-term damage?
A kidney infection can lead to permanent kidney damage if untreated or inadequately treated. Chronic or recurrent infections can cause scarring and loss of kidney function, potentially leading to chronic kidney disease or kidney failure.
What should I do if I suspect I have a kidney infection?
Seek medical attention immediately if you experience symptoms of a kidney infection, such as high fever, persistent pain, nausea, vomiting, or urinary changes. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial to prevent complications and ensure a full recovery.
Is there a way to know if a kidney infection is serious?
Severe symptoms such as high fever, persistent and severe pain, nausea, vomiting, and signs of sepsis (such as confusion, rapid heart rate, or low blood pressure) indicate a serious infection that requires immediate medical attention. Early treatment is essential to prevent serious health complications.
