Prostatitis is a condition involving the inflammation or infection of the prostate gland, a small gland located below the bladder in men. The prostate produces seminal fluid, which nourishes and transports sperm.

Prostatitis can cause significant discomfort and a variety of urinary and genital symptoms. Understanding the different types, causes, symptoms, and treatments of prostatitis is crucial for effectively managing and preventing this condition.

Types of prostatitis

Chronic Non-Bacterial Prostatitis/Chronic Pelvic Pain (CP/CPPS)

This is the most common form of prostatitis, accounting for approximately 90% of cases. The inflammation causes urinary and genital pain, but there is no sign of infection.

Acute Bacterial Prostatitis

This is the least common form of prostatitis. It is a sudden bacterial infection marked by inflammation of the prostate. The symptoms are severe: increased urinary frequency and urgency, increased urination during the night and a high degree of pain in the pelvis and genitals.

Often, this is accompanied by typical infection symptoms such as fever, chills, nausea, vomiting, and burning when urinating. This needs fast treatment in order to prevent further infections or abscesses.

Chronic Bacterial Prostatitis

This condition results from recurrent urinary tract infections that have entered the prostate gland. It is thought to exist for several years in some men before producing symptoms. The symptoms are similar to acute bacterial prostatitis, but are less severe and can fluctuate in intensity.

Common symptoms of prostatitis

Prostatitis can present with a wide range of symptoms, which can be mild to severe and vary depending on the type of prostatitis:

Severe symptoms or complications

In more severe cases, particularly with acute bacterial prostatitis, symptoms can escalate and include:

What causes prostatitis?

The causes of prostatitis can vary depending on the type:

Causes of Chronic Non-Bacterial Prostatitis/Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome 

The exact cause of CP/CPPS is often unknown, but it is believed to involve a combination of factors, including:

Causes of Acute Bacterial Prostatitis

Acute Bacterial Prostatitis is caused by a sudden bacterial infection, often from bacteria such as E. coli, Klebsiella, and Proteus species. The infection can occur due to:

Chronic Bacterial Prostatitis

Chronic Bacterial Prostatitis results from recurrent UTIs that infiltrate the prostate gland. It can be caused by:

How is prostatitis diagnosed?

If your doctor suspects that you have prostatitis or another prostate problem, they may refer you to a urologist (a doctor who specialises in diseases of the urinary tract and the male reproductive system) to confirm the diagnosis.

Physical examination

Patients typically undergo a comprehensive exam, including a digital rectal exam. A digital rectal exam (DRE) is performed to assess the prostate for tenderness, enlargement, or irregularities.

If the doctor is still not sure what you have, more tests may be done, such as…

Urine tests

Urinalysis and urine culture are conducted to detect bacteria or signs of infection.

Prostate fluid analysis

A sample of prostate fluid obtained during a DRE can be examined for white blood cells and bacteria.

Blood tests

Blood tests can check for signs of infection or inflammation.

Imaging tests

Ultrasound or MRI may be used to evaluate the prostate and surrounding structures for abnormalities.

Treatments for prostatitis

Treatment for prostatitis depends on the type and severity of the condition.

Chronic Non-Bacterial Prostatitis/CPPS

Acute Bacterial Prostatitis

Chronic Bacterial Prostatitis

Can you prevent prostatitis from occurring?

While some forms of prostatitis cannot be entirely prevented, certain measures can reduce the risk:

Frequently asked questions

Can prostatitis affect fertility?

Yes, prostatitis, especially chronic forms, can affect fertility by impacting sperm quality and function. Inflammation and infection can alter the composition of seminal fluid and negatively affect sperm motility and viability.

Is prostatitis contagious?

No, prostatitis itself is not contagious. However, the bacteria causing bacterial prostatitis can be transmitted through sexual contact, so practising safe sex is important.

Can diet influence prostatitis symptoms?

Yes, certain dietary choices can influence symptoms. Avoiding irritants like caffeine, alcohol, spicy foods, and acidic foods can help reduce urinary and pelvic discomfort. A healthy diet rich in anti-inflammatory foods can support overall health.

Is prostatitis linked to prostate cancer?

Prostatitis is not a form of prostate cancer and does not increase the risk of developing prostate cancer. However, the symptoms of prostatitis can sometimes mimic those of prostate cancer, so proper medical evaluation is essential.

How long does it take to recover from prostatitis?

Recovery time varies depending on the prostatitis type and treatment effectiveness. Acute bacterial prostatitis may resolve within weeks with proper antibiotic treatment. Chronic forms, such as CP/CPPS and chronic bacterial prostatitis, may require long-term management, and symptoms can fluctuate over time. Consistent medical follow-up and adherence to treatment plans are crucial for recovery.