Testicular cancer, although rare compared to other cancers, typically affects men between the ages of 15 and 49. Given the young demographic it targets, awareness and early detection are crucial.
This guide will take you through the signs and symptoms of testicular cancer at various stages, the importance of self-examinations, and the diagnostic and treatment processes.
Understanding testicular cancer
Testicular cancer develops in the testicles, which are part of the male reproductive system. The testicles are responsible for producing male sex hormones and sperm. Despite its rarity, the good news is that testicular cancer is highly treatable, especially when detected early.
Signs and symptoms of testicular cancer
Early symptoms
The early stage of testicular cancer might not cause any noticeable symptoms, making regular self-examinations crucial. However, some early signs to be aware of include:
- Painless lump or swelling: The most common early symptom is a painless lump or swelling in one of the testicles. This lump can be as small as a pea or as large as a marble. It’s important to remember that not all lumps are cancerous, but any new or unusual lump should be evaluated by a healthcare provider.
- Changes in testicle size or shape: An increase in size or a noticeable change in the shape of the testicle can be an early sign. One testicle may become significantly larger than the other.
- Testicular firmness: An unusual firmness in one testicle compared to the other may be a sign of early cancer.
Advanced symptoms
As testicular cancer progresses, additional symptoms may develop. These can include:
- Aching or discomfort in the scrotum: Some men may experience a dull ache or sharp pain in the scrotum or lower abdomen. This pain can be intermittent or constant and should not be ignored.
- Heaviness in the scrotum: A feeling of heaviness or dragging sensation in the scrotum can be a symptom of advanced cancer. This sensation may be due to the enlargement of the testicle or the accumulation of fluid.
- Breast changes: Although rare, some men with testicular cancer may notice breast tenderness or growth. This condition, known as gynecomastia, occurs due to hormonal changes caused by the tumour.
- Back pain: Persistent lower back pain can be a symptom if the cancer has spread to the lymph nodes in the abdomen.
Symptoms of metastatic testicular cancer
If testicular cancer spreads to other parts of the body, it can cause a variety of symptoms depending on the affected organs. These symptoms can include:
- Swelling in the legs: If the cancer has spread to the lymphatic system, swelling in the legs or blood clots may occur.
- Persistent cough or shortness of breath: If cancer spreads to the lungs, it can cause respiratory symptoms such as a persistent cough, shortness of breath, or chest pain.
- Abdominal pain: Severe and persistent abdominal pain can occur if the cancer has spread to organs in the abdomen.
- Neurological symptoms: Although rare, if cancer spreads to the brain, it can cause neurological symptoms such as headaches, confusion, or seizures.
The importance of regular self-examinations
Men should check their testicles periodically for any unusual lumps or changes. Performing regular self-examinations can help you become familiar with the normal size, shape, and feel of your testicles, making it easier to notice any abnormalities. Here’s how you can perform a self-examination:
- Warm up: The best time to check your testicles is during or after a warm bath or shower when the scrotal skin is relaxed.
- Examine each testicle separately: Gently roll each testicle between your thumb and fingers. Feel for any lumps, swelling, or changes in size or consistency.
- Check the entire surface: It’s normal for one testicle to be slightly larger or to hang lower than the other. However, any significant changes should be noted.
Contact a urologist or your GP for a thorough evaluation if you detect any unusual lumps or changes.
Diagnostic tests
If you or your doctor suspect testicular cancer, a series of diagnostic tests will be conducted to confirm the diagnosis and determine the extent of the cancer.
Ultrasound scan of the scrotum
An ultrasound scan is a non-invasive procedure used to image the inside of your testicle. It helps distinguish between fluid-filled cysts and solid masses. This is a key investigation to determine whether a lump is cancerous (malignant) or non-cancerous (benign).
Blood tests
Blood tests are used to measure tumour markers, which are substances that may be present in higher-than-normal amounts when cancer is present. These markers can help confirm the diagnosis and provide information about the type of testicular cancer.
Treatment options
If testicular cancer is confirmed, the primary treatment is usually surgery to remove the affected testicle. This procedure is known as an inguinal orchidectomy. Further treatment will depend on the type and stage of the cancer.
Inguinal Orchidectomy
For most cases of high suspicion, the only way to safely take a biopsy is to remove the affected testicle completely. This is because the risk of the cancer spreading is too high for a conventional biopsy to be taken. Losing a testicle should not affect your sex life or ability to have children, as the remaining testicle can usually compensate for the loss.
Further treatments
After surgery, additional treatments may include:
- Chemotherapy: This treatment uses drugs to kill cancer cells. It may be recommended if there is a risk that the cancer has spread beyond the testicle.
- Radiotherapy: This involves using high-energy rays to target and kill cancer cells. It is typically used for certain types of testicular cancer, such as seminomas.
- Surveillance: For some patients, a strategy of active surveillance (regular monitoring) may be recommended if the cancer is detected early and the risk of recurrence is low.
Prognosis and follow-up care
The prognosis for testicular cancer is generally excellent, especially when detected early. Most men who receive treatment go on to live healthy, normal lives. Follow-up care is essential to monitor for any signs of recurrence. This typically involves regular physical exams, blood tests for tumour markers, and imaging tests such as CT scans.
Coping with testicular cancer
A diagnosis of testicular cancer can be overwhelming. It’s important to seek support from family, friends, or support groups. Many men find it helpful to talk to others who have been through similar experiences. Professional counselling can also provide emotional support and help you cope with the challenges of cancer treatment and recovery.
Experiencing symptoms of testicular cancer? It’s best to get checked
Testicular cancer, while serious, is highly treatable, especially when detected early. Regular self-examination and awareness of the symptoms are key to early detection. If you notice any changes in your testicles, seek medical advice promptly. With early intervention, the chances of successful treatment and a full recovery are very high.
For more information or to schedule a consultation, please contact our urology clinic. We are here to support you, every step of the way.